Maths Project on Statistics

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STATISTICS

In our daily life, we have to collect facts which help us in answering most of the questions concerning the world in which we live. The facts we collect are often number facts such as the number of runs scored by Indian team against Pakistan.

The methods and techniques of collection, presentation, analyses and interpretations of numerical data in a logical and systematic manner so  as to serve a purpose is known as ‘statistics’.

Statistics is a mathematical science pertaining to the collection, analysis, interpretation and presentation of data.

MEANING OF STATISTICS

Statistics is concerned with scientific method for collecting and presenting, organizing and summarizing and analyzing data as well as deriving valid conclusions and making reasonable decisions on the basis of this analysis.

ORIGIN AND GROWTH OF

STATISTICS (history)

The word ‘statistics’ and ‘statistical’ are derived from the Latin word status, means political state.

  • Ø The German stastistik, first introduced by Gottfried ache wall (1749), originally designated the data analysis of state.
  • Ø It was used by the British mainly for administrative and governmental bodies.
  • Ø In particular census provides regular information about the population.
  • Ø Today however statistics had broadened Far beyond the service of a state or government ,it includes areas such as
  • Ø Business
  • Ø Natural and social sciences and
  • Ø Medicines
  • Ø Before 3000B.C. the Babylonians used small clay tablets’ to record tabulations of agricultural yields and of commodities bartered or sold.
  • Ø The Egyptians analyzed the population and material wealth of their kingdoms.
  • The Roman Empire was the first government to gather extensive data about population, area and wealth of territories that they controlled.

FUNDAMENTAL   CHARACTERSTICS OF STAISTICS

  • Ø They are related to each other and are comparable.
  • Ø They are aggregate of facts and not a single observation . Statistics do not take into account individual cases
  • Ø Statistics data are numerically expressed.
  • Statistics are collection of data in a systematic manner.
  • Statistics are collected for a predetermined purpose.
  • Ø Statistics deals with group and doesn’t study individually.
  • Ø Statistics laws are not exact, they are true only on averages.
  • Ø The data collected by someone else, other than the investigator, are known as secondary data.
  • Ø The data obtained in the original form are called ungrouped data or raw data.
  • Ø An arrangement of raw numerical data in ascending or descending order of magnitude is called  array.

SUB  TOPICS

SOME RELATED DEFINATIONS

These fig. are in the ascending order

4,5,8,18,28,29,29,31,40,40,43,43,46,46,46,47,47,50,50,55,55,70,71,75,75,80,90

Marks no. of students Marks No. of students
4 1 46 3
5 1 47 2
8 1 50 2
18 2 55 3
28 1 70 1
29 2 71 1
31 1 75 2
40 2 80 1

The above data in the ascending order is called an ‘arrayed’ and the way of arrangement is called an ‘array’.

The way of arrangement of data in the table is known is known as ‘frequency distribution’.

Marks are called “variates” the no. of students who secured a particular no. of marks are frequency of variates is called “frequency of the variate”.

The number of times a number has been repeated is called the “frequency of the variate”.

CONTINOUS: Quantities which can take all numerical values within a certain interval .

DISCONTINOUS: Quantities or variable which can take only  a finite set of values.

Each groups into which a raw data is condensed is called a “class”. The size of class is known as the “class interval”.

For ex. 10 is the class interval of class “0-10”.

Each class is bounded by 2 fig. which are called the “lower limits “and “20”is the “upper limit”.

The difference between the upper limit of the class and the lower limit of class is called as the “class size”.

The value which lies midway between lower and upper limits of a class is known as its “mid value or class mark”.

Class mark = upper limit + lower limit

2

The difference between the two extreme observations in an arranged data i.e. the difference between the maximum and minimum values of observations is known as the “Range”.

Three measures of central tendency are

  • Ø Mean
  • Ø Mode
  • Ø Median

MEAN

Median of groped data :if x1,x2 , x3 ,……….xn are variables of a variable x , then the arithmetic mean or simply mean of these values is denoted by X and is defined as X= x1 +x2 +x3 +……xn

n

or X= i=1n xi/n

ALGORITHM:

Step I= Prepare the frequency table in such a way that its first column consists of the values of the variate and the second column the ∑

Step II=multiply the frequency of each row with the corresponding values of variable to obtain third column containing fix;

Step III= Find the sum of all entries in column III to obtain ∑fixi. Step IV= Find the sum of all the frequencies in column II to obtain ∑fi= N

Step V= Use the formula: X = ∑fixi/N

For Ex= Find the missing frequencies in the following frequency distribution if it is known that the mean of the distribution is 1.46 No. of accidents (x): 0 1 2 3 4 5                                                           Total

Frequency    (f): 46 ? ? 25 10 5                                                     200

COMPUTATION OF ARITHMATIC MEAN

Xi fi fixi
0 46 0
1 f1 f1
2 f2 2f2
3 25 75
4 10 40
5 5 25

∑f = N = 86+f1+f2 ∑f1x1=140+f1+2f2

N= 200

  • Ø 200= 86 +f1+f2
  • Ø f1+f2=114+f2+f2
  • Ø f1+f2=114

Also, Mean=1.46 -----------------------------------------------------------1

  • Ø 1.46= ∑fixi/N
  • Ø 1.46=140+f1+2f2/200
  • Ø 292=140+f1+2f2
  • Ø F1+2f2=150 ---------------------------------------------------------------2

Solving 1,2

  • Ø F1=76 and f2=38

STEP DEVIATION METHOD

Step I- Obtain the frequency distribution and prepare the frequency table in such a way that its first column consists of the values of the variable and the second column corresponding frequencies.

Step II- Choose a number ‘A’(generally known as the assumed mean) and take deviations di=xi-A about A. Write these deviations against the corresponding  di’s in the IV column.

Step IV- Multiply the frequencies in second column with the corresponding ui’s in IV column to prepare V column of fiui.

Step V- find the sum of all entries in V column to obtain (∑ni=1 fixi) and the sum of all frequencies in  column to obtain N=(∑ni=1fi). Use formula:X=A+h{1/N fixi}

MEDIAN

The median is the middle value of a distribution is the value of the variable which divides it into two equal parts.

Step I-Arrange the observation x1,x2,………..xn in ascending or descending order of magnitude.

Step II- Determine the total no. of observation, say, n.

Step III- If n is odd , then median is the value of (n+⅟2) observation.

For ex.-Calculate the median from the following distribution:

Class:                5-10         10-15          15-20      20-25           25-30

Frequency:         5                6                 15           10                  5

30-35            35-40                 40-45

4                    2                          2

SOLUTION: First cumulative table to complete median.

CLASS FREQUENCY CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY
5-10 5 5
10-15 6 11
15-20 15 26
20-25 10 36
25-30 5 41
30-35 4 45
35-40 2 47
40-45 2 49

SO,

N=49 & N/2=24.5→The cumulative frequency just greater than N/2 is 26 and corresponding class is 15-20

(Median class) L=15, f=15, F=11, h=5

:. Median = (l+N/2-F)/f= 15+24.5-11/15*5 =19.5

MODE

The mode or modal value of a distribution is that value of the variable for which the frequency is maximum. In order to compute the mode of a series of individual observations. We first convert it into a discrete series frequency distribution by preparing a frequency table. From the frequency table, we identify the value having maximum frequency. The value of variable to obtain is the mode or modal value.

FOR EX.

Obtain the value of the following:

l  → lower limit

h → width

fx → frequency

f1 → frequency of the class preceding

f2 → frequency of the class following.

MODE= l+(f-f1)/(2f-f1f2) * h

Relationship among mean, median and mode

MODE= 3median – 2mean

OR MEDIAN = mode+⅔ (mean – mode)

OR MEAN = mode + 3/2 (median – mode)

PIE-CHART

A pie – chart displays data as a percentage as a percentage of the whole Each pie has a label and percentage . A total data no. is included . These have a circle divided into parts or sectors of different sizes to show different amounts of data.

ADVANTAGES

  • Ø Visually appealing
  • Ø Shows % of total for each category

DISADVANTAGE

  • Ø No exact numerical data.
  • Ø Hard to compare two data sets.
  • Ø “Other” category can be a problem.
  • Ø Total unknown unless specified.
  • Ø Best for 3 to 7 only.

BAR - GRAPH

A bar graph display data in separate columns. It data is on a continous scale, such as height, the bars touch each other. The  bars can be vertical or horizontal.

ADVANTAGE

  • Ø Visually strong.
  • Ø Can compare 2 or 3 data sets.

DISADVANTAGE

  • Ø Graph categories can be recorded to emphasis certain effects.

LINE GRAPH

A line graph plots continuous data as points and then joins them with a line. Multiple data sets can be grouped together, but a key must be used.

ADVANTAGES

  • Ø Can compare multiple continuous data sets easily.
  • Ø Interim data can be inferred from graph line

DISADVANTAGE

  • Ø Use only with continuous data.

Run Rate Graph

LINE GRAPH

HISTOGRAM

A histograph displays continuous data in order column. Categories are of continuous measures such as time, inches, temperature, etc.

ADVANTAGES

  • Ø Visually strong
  • Ø Can compare to normal curve.
  • Ø Usually vertical axis is a frequency count of items falling into each category.

DISADVANTAGES

  • Ø Cannot read exact values because data is grouped into categories.
  • Ø More difficult to compare two data sets
  • Ø Use only with continuous data.

HISTOGRAM

Uses and applications of

statistics

Statistics and its studies have been used to answer questions such as:-

INDUSTRIES AND BUSINESS

  • Ø Report of early sales & comparison others.
  • Ø It shows where the factory or its sales lack and where they are good

AGRICULTURE

  • Ø What amount of crops are grown this year in comparison to previous year or in comparison to required amount of crop for the country
  • Ø Quality and size of grains grown due to use of different fertilizer.

FORESTERY

  • Ø How much growth has been occurred in area under forest or how much forest has been depleted in last 5 years?
  • Ø How much different species of flora and fauna have increased or decreased in last 5 years?

EDUCATION

  • Ø Money spend on girls education in comparison to boys education?
  • Ø Increase in no. of girl students who seated in who seated for different exams?
  • Ø Comparison for result for last 10 years.

ECOLOGICAL STUDIES

  • Ø Comparison of increasing impact of pollution on global warming?
  • Ø Increasing effect of nuclear reactors on environment?

MEDICAL STUDIES

  • Ø No. of new diseases grown in last 10 year.
  • Ø Increase in no. of patients for a particular disease.

SPORTS

  • Ø Used to compare run rates of to different teams.
  • Ø Used to compare to different players.

Conclusion

Statistics has been a great learning experience and is a very interesting experience and an important topic that is very-very helpful for people of all ages and for teacher to clear their concept and increase their intelligence level.


STATISTICS In our daily life, we have to collect facts which help us in answering most of the questions concerning the world in which we live. The facts we collect are often number facts such as the number of runs scored by Indian team against Pakistan. The methods and techniques of collection, presentation, analyses and interpretations of numerical data in a logical and systematic manner so as to serve a purpose is known as ‘statistics’. Statistics is a mathematical science pertaining to the collection, analysis, interpretation and presentation of data. MEANING OF STATISTICS Statistics is concerned with scientific method for collecting and presenting, organizing and summarizing and analyzing data as well as deriving valid conclusions and making reasonable decisions on the basis of this analysis. ORIGIN AND GROWTH OF STATISTICS (history) The word ‘statistics’ and ‘statistical’ are derived from the Latin word status, means political state.  The German stastistik, first introduced by Gottfried ache wall (1749), originally designated the data analysis of state.  It was used by the British mainly for administrative and governmental bodies.  In particular census provides regular information about the population.  Today however statistics had broadened Far beyond the service of a state or government ,it includes areas such as  Business  Natural and social sciences and  Medicines  Before 3000B.C. the Babylonians used small clay tablets’ to record tabulations of agricultural yields and of commodities bartered or sold.  The Egyptians analyzed the population and material wealth of their kingdoms.  The Roman Empire was the first government to gather extensive data about population, area and wealth of territories that they controlled. FUNDAMENTAL CHARACTERSTICS OF STAISTICS  They are related to each other and are comparable.  They are aggregate of facts and not a single observation . Statistics do not take into account individual cases  Statistics data are numerically expressed.  Statistics are collection of data in a systematic manner.  Statistics are collected for a predetermined purpose.  Statistics deals with group and doesn’t study individually.  Statistics laws are not exact, they are true only on averages.  The data collected by someone else, other than the investigator, are known as secondary data.  The data obtained in the original form are called ungrouped data or raw data.  An arrangement of raw numerical data in ascending or descending order of magnitude is called array. SUB TOPICS SOME RELATED DEFINATIONS These fig. are in the ascending order 4,5,8,18,28,29,29,31,40,40,43,43,46,46,46,47,47,50,50,55,55,70,71,75, 75,80,90 Marks no. of students Marks No. of students 4 1 46 3 5 1 47 2 8 1 50 2 18 2 55 3 28 1 70 1 29 2 71 1 31 1 75 2 40 2 80 1 The above data in the ascending order is called an ‘arrayed’ and the way of arrangement is called an ‘array’. The way of arrangement of data in the table is known is known as ‘frequency distribution’. Marks are called “variates” the no. of students who secured a particular no. of marks are frequency of variates is called “frequency of the variate”. The number of times a number has been repeated is called the “frequency of the variate”. CONTINOUS: Quantities which can take all numerical values within a certain interval . DISCONTINOUS: Quantities or variable which can take only a finite set of values. Each groups into which a raw data is condensed is called a “class”. The size of class is known as the “class interval”. For ex. 10 is the class interval of class “0-10”. Each class is bounded by 2 fig. which are called the “lower limits “and “20”is the “upper limit”. The difference between the upper limit of the class and the lower limit of class is called as the “class size”. The value which lies midway between lower and upper limits of a class is known as its “mid value or class mark”. Class mark = upper limit + lower limit 2 The difference between the two extreme observations in an arranged data i.e. the difference between the maximum and minimum values of observations is known as the “Range”. Three measures of central tendency are  Mean  Mode  Median MEAN Median of groped data :if x1 ,x2 , x3 ,……….xn are variables of a variable x , then the arithmetic mean or simply mean of these values is denoted by X and is defined as X= x1 +x2 +x3 +……xn n or X=∑i=1 n xi/n ALGORITHM: Step I= Prepare the frequency table in such a way that its first column consists of the values of the variate and the second column the ∑ Step II=multiply the frequency of each row with the corresponding values of variable to obtain third column containing fix; Step III= Find the sum of all entries in column III to obtain ∑fi xi. Step IV= Find the sum of all the frequencies in column II to obtain ∑fi = N Step V= Use the formula: X = ∑fixi /N For Ex= Find the missing frequencies in the following frequency distribution if it is known that the mean of the distribution is 1.46 No. of accidents (x): 0 1 2 3 4 5 Total Frequency (f): 46 ? ? 25 10 5 200 COMPUTATION OF ARITHMATIC MEAN Xi fi fi xi 0 46 0 1 f1 f1 2 f2 2f2 3 25 75 4 10 40 5 5 25 ∑f = N = 86+f1 +f2 ∑f1 x1 =140+f1 +2f2 N= 200  200= 86 +f1 +f2  f1 +f2 =114+f2 +f2  f1 +f2 =114 Also, Mean=1.46 -----------------------------------------------------------1  1.46= ∑fi xi/N  1.46=140+f1+2f2/200  292=140+f1 +2f2  F1 +2f2 =150 ---------------------------------------------------------------2 Solving 1,2  F1 =76 and f2 =38 STEP DEVIATION METHOD Step I- Obtain the frequency distribution and prepare the frequency table in such a way that its first column consists of the values of the variable and the second column corresponding frequencies. Step II- Choose a number ‘A’(generally known as the assumed mean) and take deviations di =xi -A about A. Write these deviations against the corresponding di’s in the IV column. Step IV- Multiply the frequencies in second column with the corresponding ui ’s in IV column to prepare V column of fi ui . Step V- find the sum of all entries in V column to obtain (∑n i=1 fi xi ) and the sum of all frequencies in column to obtain N=(∑n i=1 fi ). Use formula:X=A+h{1/N ∑ fi xi } MEDIAN The median is the middle value of a distribution is the value of the variable which divides it into two equal parts. Step I-Arrange the observation x1 ,x2 ,………..xn in ascending or descending order of magnitude. Step II- Determine the total no. of observation, say, n. Step III- If n is odd , then median is the value of (n+⅟2 )observation. For ex.-Calculate the median from the following distribution: Class: 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30 Frequency: 5 6 15 10 5 30-35 35-40 40-45 4 2 2 SOLUTION: First cumulative table to complete median. CLASS FREQUENCY CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY 5-10 5 5 10-15 6 11 15-20 15 26 20-25 10 36 25-30 5 41 30-35 4 45 35-40 2 47 40-45 2 49 SO, N=49 & N/2 =24.5→The cumulative frequency just greater than N/2 is 26 and corresponding class is 15-20 (Median class) L=15, f=15, F=11, h=5 :. Median = (l+N/2 -F)/f = 15+24.5-11/15 *5 =19.5 MODE The mode or modal value of a distribution is that value of the variable for which the frequency is maximum. In order to compute the mode of a series of individual observations. We first convert it into a discrete series frequency distribution by preparing a frequency table. From the frequency table, we identify the value having maximum frequency. The value of variable to obtain is the mode or modal value. FOR EX. Obtain the value of the following: l → lower limit h → width fx → frequency f1 → frequency of the class preceding f2 → frequency of the class following. MODE= l+(f-f1)/(2f-f1f2) * h Relationship among mean, median and mode MODE= 3median – 2mean OR MEDIAN = mode+⅔ (mean – mode) OR MEAN = mode + 3/2 (median – mode) PIE-CHART A pie – chart displays data as a percentage as a percentage of the whole Each pie has a label and percentage . A total data no. is included . These have a circle divided into parts or sectors of different sizes to show different amounts of data. ADVANTAGES  Visually appealing  Shows % of total for each category DISADVANTAGE  No exact numerical data.  Hard to compare two data sets.  “Other” category can be a problem.  Total unknown unless specified.  Best for 3 to 7 only. scoda 12% percentage vehicles sold by different companies in a year A pie – chart displays data as a percentage as a percentage of the whole Each pie has a label and percentage . A total data no. is included . These have a circle divided into parts or sectors of different sizes to show different amounts of data. ADVANTAGES  Visually appealing  Shows % of total for each category DISADVANTAGE  No exact numerical data.  Hard to compare two data sets.  “Other” category can be a problem.  Total unknown unless specified.  Best for 3 to 7 only. maruti 37% honda 10% toyota 27% scoda 12% tata 14% percentage vehicles sold by different companies in a year A pie – chart displays data as a percentage as a percentage of the whole Each pie has a label and percentage . A total data no. is included . These have a circle divided into parts or sectors of different sizes to show different amounts of data. ADVANTAGES  Visually appealing  Shows % of total for each category DISADVANTAGE  No exact numerical data.  Hard to compare two data sets.  “Other” category can be a problem.  Total unknown unless specified.  Best for 3 to 7 only. BAR - GRAPH A bar graph display data in separate columns. It data is on a continous scale, such as height, the bars touch each other. The bars can be vertical or horizontal. ADVANTAGE  Visually strong.  Can compare 2 or 3 data sets. DISADVANTAGE  Graph categories can be recorded to emphasis certain effects. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 yamaha suzuki bikes sold in a month BAR - GRAPH A bar graph display data in separate columns. It data is on a continous scale, such as height, the bars touch each other. The bars can be vertical or horizontal. ADVANTAGE  Visually strong.  Can compare 2 or 3 data sets. DISADVANTAGE  Graph categories can be recorded to emphasis certain effects. suzuki hero honda bajaj bikes sold in a month BAR - GRAPH A bar graph display data in separate columns. It data is on a continous scale, such as height, the bars touch each other. The bars can be vertical or horizontal. ADVANTAGE  Visually strong.  Can compare 2 or 3 data sets. DISADVANTAGE  Graph categories can be recorded to emphasis certain effects. bikes sold LINE GRAPH A line graph plots continuous data as points and then joins them with a line. Multiple data sets can be grouped together, but a key must be used. ADVANTAGES  Can compare multiple continuous data sets easily.  Interim data can be inferred from graph line DISADVANTAGE  Use only with continuous data. Run Rate Graph LINE GRAPH 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 1960's 1970's 1980's increase in no. of accidents LINE GRAPH 1990's 2000's increase in no. of accidents increase in no. of accidents LINE GRAPH increase in no. of accidents HISTOGRAM A histograph displays continuous data in order column. Categories are of continuous measures such as time, inches, temperature, etc. ADVANTAGES  Visually strong  Can compare to normal curve.  Usually vertical axis is a frequency count of items falling into each category. DISADVANTAGES  Cannot read exact values because data is grouped into categories.  More difficult to compare two data sets  Use only with continuous data. HISTOGRAM Uses and applications of statistics Statistics and its studies have been used to answer questions such as:- INDUSTRIES AND BUSINESS  Report of early sales & comparison others.  It shows where the factory or its sales lack and where they are good 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 students in different subjects Uses and applications of statistics Statistics and its studies have been used to answer questions such as:- INDUSTRIES AND BUSINESS  Report of early sales & comparison others.  It shows where the factory or its sales lack and where they are good students in different subjects PCM comm. arts Uses and applications of statistics Statistics and its studies have been used to answer questions such as:- INDUSTRIES AND BUSINESS  Report of early sales & comparison others.  It shows where the factory or its sales lack and where they are good PCM comm. arts AGRICULTURE  What amount of crops are grown this year in comparison to previous year or in comparison to required amount of crop for the country  Quality and size of grains grown due to use of different fertilizer. FORESTERY  How much growth has been occurred in area under forest or how much forest has been depleted in last 5 years?  How much different species of flora and fauna have increased or decreased in last 5 years? EDUCATION  Money spend on girls education in comparison to boys education?  Increase in no. of girl students who seated in who seated for different exams?  Comparison for result for last 10 years. ECOLOGICAL STUDIES  Comparison of increasing impact of pollution on global warming?  Increasing effect of nuclear reactors on environment? MEDICAL STUDIES  No. of new diseases grown in last 10 year.  Increase in no. of patients for a particular disease. SPORTS  Used to compare run rates of to different teams.  Used to compare to different players. Conclusion Statistics has been a great learning experience and is a very interesting experience and an important topic that is very-very helpful for people of all ages and for teacher to clear their concept and increase their intelligence level.

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