Chemistry Project on Determination of Contents of Cold Drinks
Chemistry Project on Determination of Contents of Cold Drinks
Name: Kanishk Singh
Class: XII - A
Session: 2009 - 2010
School: Apeejay School, NOIDA
Board Roll No.: 5709594
Certificate
This is hereby to certify that the original and genuine investigation work has been carried out to investigate about the subject matter and the related data collection and investigation has been completed solely, sincerely and satisfactorily by Kanishk Singh of Class XII - A, Apeejay School, NOIDA, regarding his project titled “Determination of the Contents of Cold Drinks”.
Teacher’s Signature
Acknowledgement
It would be my utmost pleasure to express my sincere thanks to my chemistry teacher Dr. S.K. Jain in providing a helping hand in this project. His valuable guidance, support and supervision all through this project are responsible for attaining its present form. I would also like to thank my parents as they encouraged me to put forward my project.
Introduction
The era of cold drinks began in 1952 but the industrialization in India marked its beginning with launching of Limca and Goldspot by Parley group of companies. Since the beginning of cold drinks was highly profitable and luring, many multinational companies launched their brands in India like Pepsi and Coke.
Nowadays, it is observed in general that majority of people viewed Sprite, Fanta and Limca to give feeling of lightness, while Pepsi and Thums Up to activate pulse and brain.
Theory
Cold drinks of different brands are composed of alcohol, carbohydrates, carbon dioxide, phosphate ions etc. These soft drinks give feeling of warmth, lightness and have a tangy taste which is liked by everyone. Carbon dioxide is responsible for the formation of froth on shaking the bottle.
The carbon dioxide gas is dissolved in water to form carbonic acid which is also responsible for the tangy taste. Carbohydrates are the naturally occurring organic compounds and are a major source of energy to our body. General formula of carbohydrates is CX(H2O)Y.
On the basis of their molecule size carbohydrates are classified as: Monosaccharides, Disaccharides and Polysaccharides.
Glucose is a monosaccharide with formula C6H12O6. It occurs in free state in ripen grapes, in bones and also in many sweet fruits. It is also present in human blood to the extent of about 0.1%.
Sucrose is one of the most useful disaccharides in our daily life. It is widely distributed in nature in juices, seeds and also in flowers of many plants. The main source of sucrose is sugar cane juice which contains 15-20% sucrose and sugar beet which has about 10-17% sucrose. The molecular formula of sucrose is C12H22O11. It is produced by a mixture of glucose and fructose. It is non-reducing in nature whereas glucose is reducing.
Cold drinks are a bit acidic in nature and their acidity can be measured by finding their pH value. The pH values also depend upon the acidic contents such as citric acid and phosphoric acid.
Aim
Aim: Comparative study and qualitative analysis of different brands of cold drinks available in market.
Apparatus
- Test Tubes
- Test Tube Holder
- Test Tube Stand
- Stop Watch
- Beaker
- Bunsen Burner
- pH Paper
- Tripod Stand
- China Dish
- Wire Gauge
- Water Bath
Chemicals Required
- Iodine Solution
- Potassium Iodide
- Sodium Hydroxide
- Lime Water
- Fehling’s A & B Solution
- Concentrated Nitric Acid
- Benedict Solution
- Ammonium Molybdate
Detection of pH
Experiment: Small samples of cold drinks of different brands were taken in a test tube and put on the pH paper. The change in colour of pH paper was noticed and was compared with standard pH scale.
Observation:
| Sr. No. | Name of the Drink | Colour Change | pH Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Coca Cola | Pinkish | 2 - 3 |
| 2 | Sprite | Dark Orange | 3 |
| 3 | Limca | Light Orange | 4 |
| 4 | Fanta | Orange | 3 - 4 |
Inference: Soft drinks are generally acidic because of the presence of citric acid and phosphoric acid. pH values of cold drinks of different brands are different due to the variation in amount of acidic content.
Test for Carbon Dioxide
Experiment: As soon as the bottles were opened, one by one the samples were passed through lime water. The lime water turned milky.
Observation:
| Sr. No. | Name of the Drink | Time Taken (sec) | Conclusion |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Coca Cola | 28 | CO2 is present |
| 2 | Sprite | 20 | CO2 is present |
| 3 | Limca | 38 | CO2 is present |
| 4 | Fanta | 36 | CO2 is present |
Inference: All the soft drinks contain dissolved carbon dioxide in water. The carbon dioxide (CO2) dissolves in water to form carbonic acid, which is responsible for its tangy taste.
Chemical Reaction:
Ca(OH)2 (s) + CO2 (g) → CaCO3 (s) + H2O (l)
Test for Glucose
Experiment: Glucose is a reducing sugar. Its presence is detected by the following tests:
1. Benedict’s Reagent Test
Small samples of cold drinks of different brands were taken in a test tube and a few drops of Benedict’s reagent were added. The test tube was heated for few seconds. Formation of reddish colour confirmed the presence of glucose in cold drinks.
Observation:
| Sr. No. | Name of the Drink | Observation | Conclusion |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Coca Cola | Reddish colour precipitate | Glucose is present |
| 2 | Sprite | Reddish colour precipitate | Glucose is present |
| 3 | Limca | Reddish colour precipitate | Glucose is present |
| 4 | Fanta | Reddish colour precipitate | Glucose is present |
Inference: All the samples gave positive test for glucose with Benedict’s reagent. Hence all the drinks contain glucose.
2. Fehling’s Solution Test
Small samples of cold drinks of different brands were taken in a test tube and a few drops of Fehling’s A solution and Fehling’s B solution were added in equal amount. The test tube was heated in water bath for 10 minutes. Appearance of brown precipitate confirmed the presence of glucose in cold drinks.
Observation:
| Sr. No. | Name of the Drink | Observation | Conclusion |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Coca Cola | Reddish brown precipitate | Glucose is present |
| 2 | Sprite | Reddish brown precipitate | Glucose is present |
| 3 | Limca | Reddish brown precipitate | Glucose is present |
| 4 | Fanta | Reddish brown precipitate | Glucose is present |
Inference: All samples gave positive test for glucose with Fehling’s (A & B) solutions. Hence all the cold drinks contain glucose.
Test for Phosphate
Experiment: Small samples of each brand of cold drinks were taken in separate test tubes and Ammonium Molybdate followed by concentrated Nitric Acid (HNO3) was added to it. The solution was heated. Appearance of canary-yellow precipitate confirmed the presence of phosphate ions in cold drinks.
Observation:
| Sr. No. | Name of the Drink | Observation | Conclusion |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Coca Cola | Canary yellow precipitate | Phosphate is present |
| 2 | Sprite | Canary yellow precipitate | Phosphate is present |
| 3 | Limca | Canary yellow precipitate | Phosphate is present |
| 4 | Fanta | Canary yellow precipitate | Phosphate is present |
Inference: All the soft drinks samples gave positive test for phosphate ions. Hence all the cold drinks contain phosphate.
Test for Alcohol
Experiment: Small samples of each brand of cold drinks were taken in separate test tubes and Iodine followed by Potassium Iodide and Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) solution was added to each test tube. Then the test tubes were heated in hot water bath for 30 minutes. Appearance of yellow coloured precipitate confirmed the presence of alcohol in cold drinks.
Observation:
| Sr. No. | Name of the Drink | Observation | Conclusion |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Coca Cola | Yellow precipitate | Alcohol is present |
| 2 | Sprite | Yellow precipitate | Alcohol is present |
| 3 | Limca | Yellow precipitate | Alcohol is present |
| 4 | Fanta | Yellow precipitate | Alcohol is present |
Inference: All the cold drinks samples gave positive test for alcohol. Hence all the cold drinks contain alcohol.
Chemical Reaction:
CH3CH2OH + 4I2 + 6NaOH → CHI3 + HCOONa + 5NaI + 5H2O
Test for Sucrose
Experiment: 5 ml samples of each brand of cold drinks were taken in separate china dishes and were heated very strongly until changes occur. Black coloured residue left confirmed the presence of sucrose in cold drinks.
Observation:
| Sr. No. | Name of the Drink | Observation | Conclusion |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Coca Cola | Black residue | Sucrose is present |
| 2 | Sprite | Black residue | Sucrose is present |
| 3 | Limca | Black residue | Sucrose is present |
| 4 | Fanta | Black residue | Sucrose is present |
Inference: All the brands of cold drinks contain sucrose. But the amount of sucrose varies in each brand of drink. Fanta contains the highest amount of sucrose.
Result
After conducting several tests, it was concluded that the different brands of cold drinks namely:
- Coca Cola
- Sprite
- Limca
- Fanta
All contain glucose, alcohol, sucrose, phosphate and carbon dioxide. All cold drinks are acidic in nature. On comparing the pH value of different brands, Coca Cola is the most acidic and Limca is the least acidic of all the four brands taken.
Among the four samples of cold drinks taken, Sprite has the maximum amount of dissolved carbon dioxide and Fanta has the minimum amount of dissolved carbon dioxide.
Precautions
- Concentrated solutions should be handled with immense care.
- Hands should be washed thoroughly after performing each experiment.
- If possible, one should wear hand gloves to prevent any possible damage.
- If chemicals come into contact with your skin or eyes, flush immediately with copious amounts of water.
- Never leave burners unattended. Turn them off whenever you leave your workstation.
- Never point a test tube or any vessel that you are heating at yourself or your neighbour.
Conclusion
Disadvantages of Cold Drinks
- Soft drinks are little more harmful than sugar solution, as they contain sugar in large amount which causes problems in diabetes patients.
- Soft drinks can cause weight gain as they interfere with the body’s natural ability to suppress hunger feeling.
- Soft drinks have ability to dissolve calcium so they are also harmful for our bones.
- Soft drinks contain phosphoric acid which has a pH of 2.8, so they can dissolve a nail in about 4 days.
- For transportation of soft drinks syrup, commercial trucks must use the hazardous matter placards reserved for highly corrosive material.
- Soft drinks have also the ability to remove blood stains, so they are considered very harmful to our body.
Uses of Cold Drinks
- Cold drinks can be used as toilet cleaners.
- They can remove rust spots from chrome car bumpers.
- They clean corrosion from car battery terminals.
- Soft drinks are used as an excellent detergent to remove grease from clothes.
- They can loosen a rusted bolt.
Bibliography
Books:
- Comprehensive Chemistry Lab Manual - Dr. N. K. Verma
Websites:
- www.google.com
- www.wikipedia.com
- www.icbse.com
- www.uoregon.edu